PART III - CONTINUATION - HOW TO CREATE YOUR OWN NUMBER TO WORD CONVERTER IN MS EXCEL, MS VISUAL BASIC, MS ACCESS OR PHP?

Assalamualaikum Pal,

Now we have gone up to digit 100 (as illustrated in the table below and we I will not go further than that because I suppose that you have understood the the structure of the UK English language that we use in every day expression.

Atre 100, it is just the repeat of the same order and expression that I have explained  in Part I-III except for the Thousand, Million, Billion, Trillion as so forth.

Enjoy going through this boring subject :)

ENGLISH
ID	NUMBER IN QUESTION	UNIT	TENTH	HUNDREDTH	NO OF DIGIT	COMMENTS
21	20	Twenty			2	The "Twen" instead of "two" comes first, then followed by "ty" ie the tenth unit and "zero"" is not read. NOTE : THE SEQUENCE in which the digit number are read. From 13-19, the "teen" is folloed by the "thir" or "Four" and so forth, up to 19. Notice that it is expressed in the reverse order.
22	21	Twenty	One		2	The "Twen" instead of "two" comes first, then followed by "ty" and "one". The 1 here is read as "one" not as expressed in the 10-19, where it is not expressed as "one".  NOTE : THE SEQUENCE in which the digit number are read or expressed. From 13-19, the "teen" is followed by the "thir" or "Four" and so forth, up to 19. Notice that it is expressed in the reverse order ("Four" the "teen", although the written digit is the opposite order of arrangement.
23	22	Twenty	Two		2	'-Shared the Same expression principle - Just ignore the Twenty "Second" expression as we will have little or no use of such expression for this application
24	23	Twenty	Three		2	'-Shared the Same expression principle - Just ignore the Twenty "Third" expression as we will have little or no use of such expression for this application
25	24	Twenty	Four		2	'-Shared the same expression principle. The 2 is not expressed as "two" but as "Twen"
26	25	Twenty	Five		2	'-Shared the same expression principle. The 2 is not expressed as "two" but as "Twen"
27	26	Twenty	Six		2	'-Shared the same expression principle. The 2 is not expressed as "two" but as "Twen"
28	27	Twenty	Seven		2	'-Shared the same expression principle. The 2 is not expressed as "two" but as "Twen"
29	28	Twenty	Eight		2	'-Shared the same expression principle. The 2 is not expressed as "two" but as "Twen"
30	29	Twenty	Nine		2	'-Shared the same expression principle. The 2 is not expressed as "two" but as "Twen"
31	30	Thirty			2	The 3 is expressed as "thir" and the 0 is expressed as "ty" in the english language structure but not in Maths form, In Math it expressed as unit. (Not the unit form of !MDB asset brought back but up to Singapore though :)
32	31	Thirty	One		2	Expressed as "Thir" and "One". The digit "1" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #2.
33	32	Thirty	Two		2	Expressed as "Thir" and "two". The digit "2" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #3
34	33	Thirty	Three		2	Expressed as "Thir" and "three". The digit "3" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #4
35	34	Thirty	Four		2	Expressed as "Thir" and "Four". The digit "4" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #5
36	35	Thirty	Five		2	Expressed as "Thir" and "five". The digit "5" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #6
37	36	Thirty	Six		2	Expressed as "Thir" and "six". The digit "6" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #7
38	37	Thirty	Seven		2	Expressed as "Thir" and "seven". The digit "7" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #8
39	38	Thirty	Eight		2	Expressed as "Thir" and "eight". The digit "8" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #9
40	39	Thirty	Nine		2	Expressed as "Thir" and "nine". The digit "9" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #10
41	40	Four-ty			2	Expressed as "Four" and "ty". The digit "4" is expressed as in its unit form in as in ID #5. The 0 is expressed as "ty" because the number 40 is in its tenth form.
42	41	Four-ty	One		2	Now this is where the digit are nead in the order and in the expression the digit are expressed in ID#5 and ID#2. ie "Four" and "one" with "ty" in between.
43	42	Four-ty	Two		2	similar principle
44	43	Four-ty	Three		2	similar principle
45	44	Four-ty	Four		2	similar principle
46	45	Four-ty	Five		2	similar principle
47	46	Four-ty	Six		2	similar principle
48	47	Four-ty	Seven		2	similar principle
49	48	Four-ty	Eight		2	similar principle
50	49	Four-ty	Nine		2	similar principle
51	50	Fif-ty			2	the 5 is not expressed as "five" but as "Fif" and the no mention of the digit "0" with "ty" in between the 5 & 0
52	51	Fif-ty	One		2	"Fif" in place of five, ""ty" and "one" expressed as in its unit form in ID#2
53	52	Fif-ty	Two		2	similar principle
54	53	Fif-ty	Three		2	similar principle
55	54	Fif-ty	Four		2	similar principle
56	55	Fif-ty	Five		2	similar principle
57	56	Fif-ty	Six		2	similar principle
58	57	Fif-ty	Seven		2	similar principle
59	58	Fif-ty	Eight		2	similar principle
60	59	Fif-ty	Nine		2	similar principle
61	60	Six - ty			2	60, the order follows it written arrangement and the digit is expressed as in its unit form as in ID#2-10 except for the "zero" expressed as "ty"
62	61	sixty	One		2	"Six" and "One" with ty in between
63	62	sixty	Two		2	Same principle
64	63	sixty	Three		2	Same principle
65	64	sixty	Four		2	Same principle
66	65	sixty	Five		2	Same principle
67	66	sixty	Six		2	Same principle
68	67	sixty	Seven		2	Same principle
69	68	sixty	Eight		2	Same principle
70	69	sixty	Nine		2	Same principle
71	70	Seven-ty			2	70, the order follows it written arrangement and the digit is expressed as in its unit form as in ID#2-10 except for the "zero" expressed as "ty"
72	71	Seventy	One		2	"Seven" and "One" with ty in between
73	72	Seventy	Two		2	Same principle
74	73	Seventy	Three		2	Same principle
75	74	Seventy	Four		2	Same principle
76	75	Seventy	Five		2	Same principle
77	76	Seventy	Six		2	Same principle
78	77	Seventy	Seven		2	Same principle
79	78	Seventy	Eight		2	Same principle
80	79	Seventy	Nine		2	Same principle
81	80	Eigh-ty			2	80, the order follows it written arrangement and the digit is expressed as in its unit form as in ID#2-10 except for the "zero" expressed as "ty"
82	81	Eighty	One		2	"Eight" and "One" with ty in between
83	82	Eighty	Two		2	Same principle
84	83	Eighty	Three		2	Same principle
85	84	Eighty	Four		2	Same principle
86	85	Eighty	Five		2	Same principle
87	86	Eighty	Six		2	Same principle
88	87	Eighty	Seven		2	Same principle
89	88	Eighty	Eight		2	Same principle
90	89	Eighty	Nine		2	Same principle
91	90	Nine-ty			2	90, the order follows it written arrangement and the digit is expressed as in its unit form as in ID#2-10 except for the "zero" expressed as "ty"
92	91	Ninety	One		2	"Nine" and "One" with ty in between
93	92	Ninety	Two		2	Same principle
94	93	Ninety	Three		2	Same principle
95	94	Ninety	Four		2	Same principle
96	95	Ninety	Five		2	Same principle
97	96	Ninety	Six		2	Same principle
98	97	Ninety	Seven		2	Same principle
99	98	Ninety	Eight		2	Same principle
100	99	Ninety	Nine		2	Same principle
101	100	One		Hundred	3	Expressed as "One" Hundred" and there two zero is not expressed as zero rero but as "hundred" because the number is in its hundredth form

To be continued ...

Wassalam

PART III - NUMBER TO WORD - (N2WE)

Before I proceed to part III, I would like to answer a few questions that I received from the posers.

1.         How can the N2WE Converter be of  use to its user?

            N2WE Converter can be used as an add-in to an excel worksheet with a custom made worksheet function (Customized formulas) specially to carry out the task of converting numerical values for currency (Ringgit) into words.

For an example,  to fill in a space required for numbers to be written in word on bank’s cheque, receipt issuance, Payment Vouchers, Payslip, invoices and many other document the require number to be written in words.

It works very swiftly and save you from making typos.

            It can also work as an open or stand alone file or a sheet in a file and still retain the capability to function as converter.

2.         Is the converter free?

            The knowledge is free but you have to buy a legal copy of your MS Office with MS Excel in order to make use of the converter. The converter is made for MS excel or any compatible worksheet such as open office etc.

3.         “Boleh kamek makey tok pakey kamek academic project kah J?

            Suka ati kitak empun, kitak nak polah apa dengannya asal jangan membabit saya kalau kitak kenak tangkap oleh dekan, pensyarah atau project co-cordinator kitak memplagiar.

PART III

For this part, we will be referring to the table of number 0-19, and write the word to the number below

We will concentrate on the double or two digit number from number 10-19. The one digit is straight forward. Note that the illustration only concentrate to illustrate the number in the form listed in the table although other expression in other combination are also mention just to help readers to understand the language structure involved.

The table is caption as “ID”, “NUMBER IN QUESTION” , “UNIT” , “TENTH” , “HUNDREDTH” , “NO OF DIGIT” , “COMMENTS”

The “ID” is only used as a reference and will not be used in the programming. In data base it is always a good habit to put “”ID” field or column so that you can easily refer to the so many lines of rows. It is more meaningful to have the ID number on each rows unique to each other just like our NRID or IC number. If there are 50,000 people in Malaysia having the same name, their IC number will not be the same unless someone faked it. Same thing happen with out bank account number. The account holder’s name maybe the same but the account number is unique to everyone else. Normally the ID is arranged in ascending order ie arranged from the smallest to the biggest down the rows or in database rows is referred to as “Record”. The column is called “Field”.  In excel it is referred to as column and row.

NUMBER IN QUESTION” – This is the number that we talk about.

“TENTH” – Refer to number with two digit number

“HUNDREDTH” – Refer to number with three digit number

“NO OF DIGIT”  - The number of digit the number have

“COMMENTS” – Helps you to understand the number referred to in the “number in question” column although it may also help to confuse you.

I may use different terms to describe certain object.  I am also discovering and learning how to describe them in the laymen’s term so that you can understand the explanation well. For example  the term Read. In other instances I may use the word expression. If I use the word expression (the term used in programming) in the very first part of this topic it may take you some time to configure its meaning. So I use both and they refer to the same thing.

For the purpose of the programming part, we will only deal with positive number. That is number that is equal to and more than zero ( ie From 0,1,2….. till the zillion) We will not be dealing with negative number such as  -0.123, -1, -2, -3…till the negative zillion. We will not deal with negative number in this programming illustration.

Value ie Number is intended to be read as currency, either as Ringgit, Rupiah, Rupee or Dollar and so forth.

Number or value will also involve fraction contrary to what I said earlier as “INTEGER” (whole number) only. The reason why I say so was because when it come to the reading or expressing in word, the value in it currency form, any thing after the decimal will also be read  in a similar manner it is read before the decimal.  Eg  2125.28, The 2125 is read as though it is INTEGER when in reality the whole number  ie 2125.28 is not an integer.  The number after the decimal ie 28 is also read as Integer.  Let me read it for you the number “2125.28” – Read as (A)  Two Thousand one hundred Twenty Five  (B) [and sen] Twenty Eight [Only]. Notice that how the number are read? It is read saperately as if there are two saperate INTEGER, one before and the other after the decimal. ie 2125 and 28.  BTW an interger is a whole Number (without fraction ie  without anything after the decimal  eg .28 (point two eight)

For the purpose of our illustration we will the the UK English spelling. The American spelling differ slightly eg  Fourty and Forty. We will not provide the option of UK English or American English. This illustration have no language option other than UK English.

The topic that we deal with is no new thing in our everyday life. We use to read and express numbers every day and we learn and know how to read and write at a tender age of  five or even younger.  This topic serve to explain how number that we write and express in our daily life is goinging to be communicated to our computer so that it can output number into word the way the computer hardware and software understood it ie away from the way we are train to read or write it. But again the software and the computer is no match to our brain as it can adapt to many different denomination or bases on how numbers are expressed.

In the next part we will go through briefly the Malay and Miriek language structure. It will be quick as you have understood (or completely confused – Sory if that’s the case) the English Language structure. The malay and Miriek is not having the same structure as the English language. So we will capitalize of the difference and that will be fast to do.

ENGLISH
ID	NUMBER IN QUESTION	UNIT	TENTH	HUNDREDTH	NO OF DIGIT	COMMENTS
1	0	Zero			1	Read as "zero" and will not be read as "zero" again for number more than zero, In two and three digit it is read as "hundred", "thousand" ….
2	1	One			1	As singile digit, read as "one" but in double digit it is read either as "teen" and "ten" or "eleven". "ty"as in 20, 30
3	2	Two			1	As singile digit, read as "two" but also read as "twent", forget the "second" for the time being, its not relevant in this illustration
4	3	Three			1	As single digit, read as "three" but read "thir" in 2 digit as well as read as "three" as in 23 -> twenty "three"
5	4	Four			1	As singile digit, read as "four" and maintain no matter how many digit a number are except for the spelling "For or Four" but NP
6	5	Five			1	As singile digit, read as "five" but read differently when it is in 2 digit with combination of number eg "Fif" instead on five
7	6	Six			1	As singile digit, read as "six" and maintain no matter how many digit a number are.
8	7	Seven			1	As singile digit, read as "seven" and maintain no matter how many digit a number are.
9	8	Eight			1	As singile digit, read as "eight" and maintain no matter how many digit a number are.
10	9	Nine			1	As singile digit, read as "nine" and maintain no matter how many digit a number are.
11	10	Ten			2	Read as "ten". When it is written it is expressed as "one" and a "zero", If there is additional zero behind it, it will be read as hundred, thousand, million, billion, trillion etc
12	11	Eleven			2	Read as "eleven" but written as "one" and "one", It will recur again as 11 hundred (read in American English, but in this illustration, this is irrelavent), 11 thousand, 11 million, 11 billion etc
13	12	Twelve			2	Read as "Twelve" (at least some similarity), but written as "one"and "Two", the is no other way this arrangement of combination of 2 digit number is expressed. It will reapeat as 12 thousand, 12 million, 12 billion, 12 trillion, 12 zillion and so forth
14	13	Thir	teen		2	Read as "Thir-teen" (at least some similarity "Thir), but written as "one"and "three" and a "teen" Don't worry!! It'll be easier sooner, also read in the reverse. You can split it into 2 object ie "Thir" and "teen" if you want to or take it as a single object. It will be read as "Thirteen" as single object and read as "Thir & teen" and two object. It will repeat itself through 13 thousand, 13, million, 13 billion and so forth. NOTE : (1) For two digit number, ie 13 to 19, the number 13 is the start of the "Teen" (2) Look at how the number is read. The "Thir" came after the "teen" ie it read in reverse order instead of "teen" "Thir" and this reverse expression will go on until digit number 19. Noticegoing to be read or expressed will make some difference that when in "130" it will be expressed or read as "Thirty instead of Thirteen", Anything other than 13-19 expression will not follow the same rule applicable to number 13-19.
15	14	Four	teen		2	Read as "Four" and will be constantly expressed or read as "Four" no matter in how many digit or combination it appear in. In two digit number it it read or expressed as "Four" and "Teen". Notice that it is read in the reverse order. The "Four" is expressed first and then the "teen" as in any other number in the teen ie two digit number from 13 to 19. It will repeat itself through 13 "Thousand", million, billion and so forth. Note : American and English Spelling differs, "For" and "Four". In our illustration we will be using the UK English spelling and will not be optional. You can do it if you want to but for this illustration the option will not be included.
16	15	Fif	teen		2	Read as "Fif" instead of "five" with "teen",  but written as "one"and "five" Again it is read in the reverse ie "Fif" then the "teen", Read in this combination and arrangement it (15) will repeat itself through 15 thousand, million, billion and so forth.  In this illustration you can take this two digit number in this order of arrangement as "Fif" and "teen" ie. as two object or as "Fifteen" as one object. For our illustration I will take it as one single object ie, as "Fifteen".
17	16	Six	teen		2	Read or expressed as "six" constantly in what ever combination and arrangement order, ending with "teen" , but written as "one"and "six" Notice that it is read in the reverse again. 16 with reapeat itself through 16 to thousand, million, billion and so forth.
18	17	Seven	teen		2	Read or expressed as "seven" constantly in what ever combination and arrangement order, ending with "teen" , but written as "one"and "seven" Notice that it is read in the reverse again. 17 with reapeat itself through 16 to thousand, million, billion and so forth.
19	18	Eight	Teen		2	Read or expressed as "eight" constantly in what ever combination and arrangement order, ending with "teen" , but written as "one"and "eight" Notice that it is read in the reverse again. 18 with reapeat itself through 18 to thousand, million, billion and so forth.
20	19	Nine	Teen		2	Read or expressed as "nine" constantly in what ever combination and arrangement order, ending with "teen" , but written as "one"and nine" Notice that it is read in the reverse again. 19 with reapeat itself through 19 to thousand, million, billion and so forth.

Will be continued and have a nice time.

 

  

           

           

           

PART II - HOW TO CREATE YOUR OWN NUMBER TO WORD CONVERTER IN MS EXCEL, MS VISUAL BASIC, MS ACCESS OR PHP?

PART II (I  JUST DON’T KNOW UNTIL WHAT PART I’LL BE ABLE TO FINISH THE PART ON “THE LANGUAGE STRUCTURE” )

After I left the blog on Part I, of this stuff, I logged in again a couple of times to see if I can understand when I have explained earlier to make sure that the reader without the help of the hind sight, can understand it.  I did not change the whole context but just edit some typos on text written earlier.

However, by hook or by crook we need to understand things that happened in our every life. We read it (the numbers) , we say it, dealt with it in simple and extreme manner taking for granted how we have understand it in the first place.

At birth, a small kid start learning the mother tongue (language spoken by the mother to the kid or the language in which you dream or in your nightmare) and that include the learning how to count and how it is spoken and written (later stage when the kid go to school).

Amazed as to how kid can learn the language, without (maybe) asking about the structure of the language when he saw how the “number” written and read in a different manner. But the brain assimilates and consume, as though no question asked (Intelligent one asked and keep it to themselves) though.

Now, THE MAIN PROBLEM ON NUMBERS that we are going to solve here is that,  What is written (digit of number) is NOT READ as how the digit numbers are written, that is the structure of the language (in this case English) did not read number as how it is written or as arranged in the written form.

ROUND NUMBER OR WHOLE NUMBER OR SIMPLY CALL IT INTEGER (I will not go beyond that. There are many types of number in its scientific form or expression depending on where it is used  (say in scientific, databases) eg Floating number, double, byte, integer, long, date, currency, Boolean (Yes/No – True/False, Good/Bad), string (not the string that you buy from the sowing machine shop) can be number in the text form until it is converted into values.

So, What is a round or whole or an Integer (number) ?

It is, as mentioned above, a single digit whole number,  it is not a fraction number or any part of “whole number”, It is not,   say ½, 1/3 or 1.000123 or 0.1111.

In this Part we are only dealing with a whole number and we will touch on the fractioned part later as it also need to be understood and required in reading number when it becomes CURRENCY either in Ringgit or Dollar. Eg  123.25  (Read as One hundred twenty three and sen Twenty five “only”. See that the point (decimal) is not read but instead it is read as “and”. The fraction part is with the “.” (DECIMAL, DOT) is not read as  decimal or dot but as “and”.

If the decimal or dot appeared after a whole number (I am using the “if” not as how a computer language liked it, but I am sure It can be understood by human) but can be interpreted differently in an array of codes ..Haaaa.. I just could not best explain how it is going to work in your mind – The brain is a marvelous organ. It is read as POINT then followed by the number read as IT IS WRITTEN. Strange how human put it, BUT when the number type is CURRENCY or RINGGIT it it read as how an ordinary number is read in its whole number form.   Can u get that !!!.

For the purpose of this Conversion, we will take it as, where whole number is read as in CURRENCY form.  Ie The Part before the Dot/Point as well as after the DOT/POINT  as expressed in 123.25 above.  Not read as One hundred twenty three POINT two five BUT Read as One hundred twenty three AND twenty five as in Currency. It can be done comprehensively but for the purpose of our CONVERSION PROGRAM we will use how FLOATING NUMBER rounded to two decimal places as we will likely to use this conversion W2NE as in monetary form.

Frankly, I never explain all these the way I explain it in the above  but I did question my self all things in these subject in question. I am in a difficulty, whether the explanation could really be understood because it works quite differently in our mind and imagination,

 J

To help me with the explanation I have produced the table. Reading the table you would say..owh I got it long before it is this is explained to you. We definitely knew about this subject even just as we learn to read and write in year one. That makes it easy as well as hard for me to explain it. .Ha3.

Examine the table and the comment (Caption) is to assist you as to what I try to explain to you before we go to and through the programming part…ok ?. I thought the table is self explanatory. The table on deal with single digit up to 19 (nine teen) only and we will continue from number 20 in the next part.

You may be too eager to go to the programming part but this part cannot be ignored. You have to understand it fully because programming part has its own complexity to bear in addition to this subject (Language structure of number in English language). When you understand how the structure,  in the English language then we will go very fast through the Malay and Miriek language structure. The three languages do not have the same structure and we just cannot cut and paste the code for the use in the Malay and Miriek Language.  I have included Miriek languase.. you may ask why, The reason is because it has a very unique (unique not as in programming term) structure that does not happen or exist in the English or Malay Language. We'll come to that subject later.

This is not in anyway rocket science...it may be just trash...that some people may find comfortable with.

To be continued......

I hope you can read what is written on this table. It looks so tiny. You may as well download it.  If its still blurry just put a comment in the blog comment so that I can improve the quality so that it can be read.

I get a few questions from my messenger's inbox and will answer that before I proceed to part III.

HOW TO CREATE YOUR OWN NUMBER TO WORD CONVERTER IN MS EXCEL, MS VISUAL BASIC, MS ACCESS OR PHP?

HOW TO CREATE YOUR OWN NUMBER TO WORD CONVERTER IN MS EXCEL, MS VISUAL BASIC, MS ACCESS OR PHP?


PART 1
1. INTRODUCTION

As promised about a year ago, I'll share the subject with you. !!! :)

Lets choose the platform from which you want to do your program from. For this free lesson and for the purpose of easy access to the tools, I would create the conversion on MS EXCEL. MS Excel is readily available in your laptop and you can experiment on what I do here immediately in your computer.

For Visual basic - either Visual Basic (this is a powerful programming language and some fighter jet cockpit software is written abd driven by Visual Basic) or visual basic for application, the approach to N2W is greatly different. So does PHP and other programming languages.

There should be no problem with other programming language coding because you will know where to start and what to do once you understand the subject that you want to do program on.


1. STUDY THE LANGUAGE STRUCTURE

Let the conversion be named as "Number to Word (N2W) - English" (N2WE), Malay- (N2WM), Miriek (N2WR)

You can't start your programming or coding work until you fully understand the language structure of the language that you want to do N2W." The same goes with other subject that you want your computer and programming tools to do. If you want to do CALENDAR, you have to know how exactly the values in the particular calendar works. It may be a muslim or chinese or any other calendar system.  One of the worst nightmare ever was the Y2K bugs that exist in some computer program that can "hay-wire" the whole program. It means that you computer can no more understand the function that was build in the calendar system.

Before we start the complex task of doing the coding one have to understand the stucture of the language you are going to do your conversion with.

In this example we are going to convert number into word in English Language, Malay & Miriek Language. The reason why I want to use English, Malay and Miriek at the same time is for the purpose of highlighting the difference in structure of the three Languages and thereby will also teach you the detail of the subject before you start the more exciting part, ie coding.

I am not going to teach you excel here. I assume that you have the basic knowledge sufficient to understand and follow the instruction (If you intend to).

I have not seen any conversion in excel done or available on internet yet. There could be many out there but have not found any one available as downloads and of course I had mine somewhere on the internet available for free somewhere  BTW I have forgotten the link as to where I posted it for that particular download some 15 years ago) and it was a N2WR (In Miriek language) but it was caption as "Learning how to count in bahasa Miriek Language"then.

I do not know how they do it but i know it is a very long and tedious and systematic approach to solving a problem. I have my way and for as long as it can achieve what i want it to do, then, I consider it DONE !!.


NOW THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE STRUCTURE INVOLVE IN THE COUNTING


0 - Zero,  When standing alone without any number or digit other than itself, in front or behind it, it is called and pronounced as "zero" (Lets hear how it sounds) If there is any other digit after it, it will never retain or sounded anything to do with ":zero"anymore. Eg. 10 => sound "ten". Threre is no mention of "zero"even if you have ten, twenty or 30 pieces of zeros in front. It is going to be spoken out with no mention of "zero"" again.

Simply, zero is only mentioned once and it is cm"unique" BUT if a decimal (Dot) is introduced behind the number zero with another digit greater than zero (>0) ie  any number 1 to 9, then you still have to call it as Zero. Eg. 0.01  - read as Zero Point Zero One. In this case (decimal) the mention of zero is still required.

So, don't lose interest yet. Its just a start. It may be a boring and a poor start. Nobody taught me this, but it just a simple common sense at work. Anyway we are not even 0.0001% complete yet.


1 - One - Standing singly it is called, mentioned, sounded - "one",  2 digit with "one" behind another number the sound /mention will vary  Eg   10  called Ten (Also unique but will repeat itself although the counting eg 10 ten, 10,000 - Ten Thousand, 10,000,000 - "Ten" Million, so on and so forth but the unique one is the mention/sound of "Ten" that you can use over and over again ie.  repeat for later use in thousand, million, Billion, trillion, zillion ..... till infinity !!


WILL BE CONTINUED SOON..... we are just 0.0002% completed. Don't rush. Take thing slowly and systematically.  As the saying goes Never rush a philosopher !!! Want to share before I be gone !!

THE NEW COMPANIES ACT 2015 - DIRECTOR INCLUDES "SHADOW" DIRECTOR.

THE NEW COMPANIES ACT 2015 - DIRECTOR INCLUDES "SHADOW" DIRECTOR.

Don't mess with this new Companies Act.

Section 4(1) of the Companies Act provides that unless a contrary intention appears, the term ‘director’ includes any person occupying the position of director of a corporation by whatever name called and includes a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the director of a corporation are accustomed to act and an alternate or substitute director.

The term ‘director’ has two meanings;

a. Natural and ordinary meaning and

b. Extended meaning.

"Shadow director" shall falls within the meaning of Section 4 (1).

There are a least two elements present.

a. Directions and instructions from the shadow director;

b. The recipient is "accustomed to act" according to the directions and instructions.

What is "Directions and instructions’ in the context of this new Companies act?

Communication is considered to be direction or instruction if it is understood or expected by both giver and receiver that the communication would be acted upon by the receiver and it is not necessary to prove the existence of an understanding or expectation that the communication would be acted upon by the recipient and that can sufficiently prove existence of communication between them.

In Datuk Sahar bin Arpan v Public Prosecutor [2007] 1 MLJ 697, the accused was charged for committing corrupt practice. Evidence shows that the accused took part in the state Exco meeting that approved the project to which he had an interest. The accused systematic participation in the project was shown by the initial purchase by the accused and subsequent dealing with the state authority. This form the linkage and nexus between the accused and the project. He was found to be the puppeteer who pulled the strings of his puppets (directors of the company). The Court of Appeal found him to be a shadow director. The Court adopted the definition of shadow director in Re Hydrodam (Corby) Ltd (1994) 2 BCLC 180:

"Shadow director" does not claim or purport to act as a director, on the contrary, he claims not to be a director. He can just acts in the shadow, directing, influencing, coordinating lurking behind person who, he claims, are the only directors of the company to the exclusion of himself. By the definition of "shadow director" he is not omitted out as a director by the company.

The phrase "ACCUSTOMED TO ACT" is directed at results flowing from directions and instructions and not the underlying means through which the results are obtained.

The Australian Federal Court held in Australian Securities Commission v AS Nominees Ltd (1995) 18 ACSR 459; the phrase accustomed to act did not require that there be directors or instructions embracing all matters involving the board. Rather, it was sufficient to show that when called upon, the directors were accustomed to act in accordance with the instruction received.

In addition to the above 2 elements, section 4 (2) excludes a person "GIVING ADVICE IN A PROFESSIONAL CAPACITY AS A PERSON IN ACCORDANCE WITH WHOSE DIRECTION THE DIRECYORS OF A COMPANY ARE ACCUSTOMED TO ACT"; by reason only that the director act on the advice.

The “SOMETHING MORE” must be related to the function of a director which the shadow director person and in respect of which the majority of the board would refer to -Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Deverell [2000] 2 WLR 907.

What ia the Legislative Intention?

The legislative purpose in giving an extended meaning to the term director is to deal with a person who is not lawfully appointed but who nonetheless exercise the function of a director or who is in a position to exert real influence in the management of the affairs of companies. The intentions are to promote transparency with respect to the true identities of persons managing companies and impose sanctions and liabilities against de facto and shadow directors who, in defence to allegations of breach of duties, claim that they are not director. Therefore, the quest to identify or to ascertain whether a person can be considered as a shadow director has to be interpreted in light of this legislative intention.

The person lurking in the shadow is deemed, believed, considered, supposed to be the director if the.majority of the director in a company acted in accordance to his direction or instruction.

When will this Act (which contain more than 600+ sections) be enforced. As at to date it has not been enforced.

Whether there exist  "SHADOW DIRECTOR"ship,  probably can be tested on 1NGB to see if a person has acted incontravention to this act.



Mohdar Ismail
Company Secretary

THE DARK STREET OF TAMAN TUNKU MIRI

The Taman Tunku road that runs almost parallel to the Miri  International Airport runway is in the dark in the evening. There is'nt street light along the road. 

According a local resident in the area,  the reason given was in order not to confuse the approaching aircraft's pilot to land on Taman Tunku lighted road or the airport  runway.

I totally agree to that because the plane, although equipped with sophisticated navigational instrument, well trained pilot and good communication equipment, it still can make mistake especially when visibility is limited during heavy haze, rain and heavy thunderstorm. 

After all we are human and aviation statistics in the past have shown us that error do happen.   

The safety of the people in the plane is as important as those living along the Taman Tunku Road.

That was the excuse for not having the Taman Tunku Road lighted.

How difficult is it to switch-on and to switch-off the street light? 

Is the cost of switching on and off so costly? 

How likely will mistake be made by the person handling the switch to the extent that it can or may lead to an aviation accident? 

How can that be prevented? Will that cost another highly risky task or can't that be handled by the airport authority themselves?

To have the Taman Tunku Street remained in the dark is not so much of a problem to the resident if the action taken was meant for their safety but lets have a look on the opposite side of the airport runway (the line marked orange on the above map). 

The street light on the northern end is glaring during the evening. How can that road with the street light not posing the same danger as the Taman Tunku Road (Marked black).

If the sophistication in the aviation technology coupled with the strenuous and arduous training and the many flying hours that pilot have could not handle street light on one side of the runways, then let there be no light on the street of Taman Tunku. But if that reason is not true or insensible, then the rakyat have all along been fooled into believing that street light shouldn't be there on the street of Taman Tunku is entirely based on pure bluff.

In the course of the last few weeks, a car overshot a junction and landed into a big monsoon earth drain at Taman Tunku's dark street. 

I like to believe that he is a drunk driver to convince me that the dark street wasn't the reason for the victim together with his nice new car to be in the monsoon drain. 

I just don't have the statistics to show how many non-drunk drivers were there taken into that drain as yet.


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http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/04/29/pkr-man-on-final-mission-to-win-in-sarawak-election/

April 29, 2016

PKR man on final mission to win in Sarawak election

Radzi Razak


MIRI: Lambir PKR candidate Mohdar Ismail is on his final quest to “save Sarawak from corruption” come May 7 when Sarawakians go to the polls.

Should he not achieve success this time around as well, Mohdar said he was resigned to taking a backseat but would continue to lead a new crop of politicians to contest the PKR ticket in Lambir, he told FMT.

“I want Sarawak to be free from embezzlement, lack of job opportunities, poverty, longhouses on unpaved roads and no water or electricity.

“For the last time, I really hope I can save Sarawak, most importantly, the new generation from oppression,” he said.

Mohdar attempted to contest as an independent candidate in 1991 in the Subis constituency, only to have his nomination rejected.

Undaunted, he tried again in 1996, also as an independent candidate in Subis, then joined PKR to contest in Lambir and Bekenu in 2001 and 2006 respectively.

The 57-year-old owner of a tax firm, has however never tasted victory in politics as even after joining PKR, he lost to Barisan Nasional candidates in the 2001 and 2006 elections.

Mohdar however remains steadfast and takes pride in being “the thorn in BN’s side.”

“This area (Subis, which has since been split into Bekenu and Lambir) has always been a BN stronghold.

“Even with the shift of support from the people, I dare not say I can get over 50% of support, but I intend to change this black area to a grey area,” the Sibuti PKR chief said.

He conceded that BN had the upperhand due to the ruling coalition’s “wealth”, but argued that even without money, one could campaign using different strategies.

“Put aside the question of flags and campaign materials, the most important thing is to meet the people and be of service to them,” he said.

Mohdar will face Lambir incumbent Ripin Lamat of BN and Mohammad Arifiriazul Paijo from PAS in the coming state election.

IMPEACHMENT

This article is about a step in the removal of a public official. For challenging a witness in a legal proceeding.

Impeachment is a formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity, the outcome of which, depending on the country, may include the removal of that official from office as well as criminal or civil punishment.

Etymology and history

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, at least in theory, all persons, whether peers or commoners, may be prosecuted and tried by the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for any crimes whatsoever. The first recorded impeachment is that of William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer during the Good Parliament of 1376. The last was that of Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville in 1806.

Procedure

In the United Kingdom, it is the House of Commons that holds the power of initiating an impeachment. Any member may make accusations of any crime. The member must support the charges with evidence and movefor impeachment. If the Commons carries the motion, the mover receives orders to go to the bar at the House of Lords and to impeach the accused "in the name of the House of Commons, and all the commons of the United Kingdom."

The mover must tell the Lords that the House of Commons will, in due time, exhibit particular articles against the accused, and make good the same. The Commons then usually selects a committee to draw up the charges and create an "Article of Impeachment" for each. (In the case of Warren Hastings, however, the drawing up of the articles preceded the formal impeachment.) Once the committee has delivered the articles to the Lords, replies go between the accused and the Commons via the Lords. If the Commons have impeached a peer, the Lords take custody of the accused, otherwise custody goes to Black Rod. The accused remains in custody unless the Lords allow bail. The Lords set a date for the trial while the Commons appoints managers, who act as prosecutors in the trial. The accused may defend by counsel.

The House of Lords hears the case. The procedure used to be that the Lord Chancellorpresided (or the Lord High Steward if the defendant was a peer); but this was when the Lord Chancellor was both the Lords' presiding officer and head of the judiciary of England and Wales. Since both these roles were removed from that office by theConstitutional Reform Act 2005, which created the Lord Speaker to preside over the Lords and made the Lord Chief Justice head of the judiciary, it is not certain who would preside over an impeachment trial today. If Parliament is not in session, then the trial is conducted by a "Court of the Lord High Steward" instead of the House of Lords (even if the defendant is not a peer). The differences between this court and the House of Lords are that in the House all of the peers are judges of both law and fact, whereas in the Court the Lord High Steward is the sole judge of law and the peers decide the facts only; and the bishops are not entitled to sit and vote in the Court.

The hearing resembles an ordinary trial: both sides may call witnesses and present evidence. At the end of the hearing the lords vote on the verdict, which is decided by a simple majority, one charge at a time. Upon being called, a lord must rise and declare "guilty, upon my honour" or "not guilty, upon my honour". After voting on all of the articles has taken place, and if the Lords find the defendant guilty, the Commons may move for judgment; the Lords may not declare the punishment until the Commons have so moved. The Lords may then decide whatever punishment they find fit, within the law. A royal pardon cannot excuse the defendant from trial, but a pardon may reprieve a convicted defendant. However, a pardon cannot override a decision to remove the defendant from the public office they hold.

History

Parliament has held the power of impeachment since medieval times. Originally, the House of Lords held that impeachment could only apply to members of the peerage (nobles), as the nobility (the Lords) would try their own peers, while commoners ought to try their peers (other commoners) in a jury. However, in 1681, the Commons declared that they had the right to impeach whomsoever they pleased, and the Lords have respected this resolution. Offices held "during good behaviour" are terminable by the writ of either quo warranto or scire facias, which has even been employed by and against well-placed judges.

After the reign of Edward IV, impeachment fell into disuse, the bill of attainder becoming the preferred form of dealing with undesirable subjects of the Crown. However, during the reign of James I and thereafter, impeachments became more popular, as they did not require the assent of the Crown, while bills of attainder did, thus allowing Parliament to resist royal attempts to dominate Parliament. The most recent cases of impeachment dealt with Warren Hastings, Governor-General of India between 1773 and 1786 (impeached in 1788; the Lords found him not guilty in 1795), and Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, First Lord of the Admiralty, in 1806 (acquitted). The last attempted impeachment occurred in 1848, when David Urquhart accused Lord Palmerston of having signed a secret treaty with Imperial Russia and of receiving monies from the Tsar. Palmerston survived the vote in the Commons; the Lords did not hear the case.

Queen Caroline

Main article: Pains and Penalties Bill 1820

Queen Caroline, consort of King George IV, was tried by the House of Commons and acquitted. Whether or not this was an actual impeachment is controversial.

Modern politics

The procedure has, over time, become rarely used and some legal authorities (such asHalsbury's Laws of England) consider it to be probably obsolete. The principles of "responsible government" require that the Prime Minister and other executive officers answer to Parliament, rather than to the Sovereign. Thus the Commons can remove such an officer through a— MOTION OF NO CONFIDENCE without a long, drawn-out impeachment. However, it is argued by some that the remedy of impeachment remains as part of British constitutional law, and that legislation would be required to abolish it. Furthermore, impeachment as a means of punishment for wrongdoing, as distinct from being a means of removing a minister, remains a valid reason for accepting that it continues to be available, at least in theory.

The Select Committee on Parliamentary Privilege in 1967 recommended "that the right to impeach, which has long been in disuse, be now formally abandoned". Their recommendation not having been implemented in the meantime, the Select Committee on Privileges in 1977 declared it "to be of continuing validity" and again urged that it be adopted. Shortly before this report was issued, in April 1977 the Young Liberals' annual conference unanimously passed a motion calling on Liberal Party leader David Steel to move for the impeachment of Ronald King Murray QC, theLord Advocate, over his handling of the Patrick Meehan miscarriage of justice affair. Steel did not move any such motion but Murray (now Lord Murray, a formerSenator of the College of Justice of Scotland) agreed that the power still existed.

The Joint Committee on Parliamentary Privilege in 1999 noted the previous recommendations to formally abandon the power impeachment, and stated that "The circumstances in which impeachment has taken place are now so remote from the present that the procedure may be considered obsolete". Notwithstanding, on 25 August 2004, Plaid Cymru MP Adam Priceannounced his intention to move for the impeachment of Tony Blair for his role in involving Britain in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He asked the Leader of the House of Commons Peter Hain whether he would confirm that the power to impeach was still available, reminding Hain that as President of the Young Liberals he had supported the attempted impeachment of Murray. Hain responded by quoting the 1999 Joint Committee's report, and the advice of the Clerk of the House of Commons that impeachment "effectively died with the advent of full responsible Parliamentary government".

Lutfur Rahman was the directly elected mayor of Tower Hamlets, in London until he was removed from office for breaching electoral rules.

:)

Source : Wikipedia